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because、since、as和for均可表示“原因”,其中because、since和as均为从属连词,用于引导原因状语从句,而for为并列连词,用于连接并列句。
1.从属连词because强调直接原因,所指原因通常是听话人所不知道或最感兴趣的,语气最强,通常置于主句后,用于回答why引出的问题。because引导的原因状语从句往往比主句显得更重要。例如:
- I prefer classical music because it makes me feel relaxed. 我更喜欢古典音乐,因为它令我感到放松。
- It’s about the now and what one contributes to the now, because reading is a give and take between author and reader. 阅读是作者和读者之间的一种给予与索取,因此它与当下以及一个人对当下的贡献有关。
2.从属连词since语气较because弱,常表示已知的、显然的理由,常译为“既然”。since引导的从句通常置于主句之前,重点强调主句的内容,相当于now (that)。例如:
- Since you have repaired my TV set, there is no need for me to buy a new one. 既然你把我的电视机修好了,我就没有必要买新的了。
- We thought that, since we were in the area, we’d stop by and see them. 我们想,既然到了这个地方,就该顺便去看看他们。
3.从属连词as引导原因状语从句时,表示双方已知的事实或显而易见的原因,用法与since大致相同,但语气更弱,没有since正式。例如:
- I don’t enjoy watching TV with my brother as he always switches over to the programs that he wants to watch. 我不喜欢和我弟弟一起看电视,因为他总是切换到他想看的节目。
- They have real impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources. 它们产生了实际的影响,因为它们导致了稀缺资源被错误使用。
4.并列连词for表原因时,不表示第一个分句行为的直接原因,只是提供一些补充说明,且for连接的第二个分句不可置于第一个分句前。例如:
- Now I am proud to show visitors over the prison, for I helped to make our people free in their own land. 现在,我很自豪地领来访者参观监狱,因为我帮助我们的人民在自己的土地上获得了自由。
- Nowadays, there is a sharp increase in children’s creativity, for they are greatly encouraged to develop their talents. 如今,孩子们的创造力有了极大的提高,因为他们受到极大的鼓励去发展自己的才能。